In the first section of this
article, we address this question by understanding the prevalance
of anti-corruption in OGP national action plans (NAPs). We find for example
that 17% of all OGP commitments address anti-corruption themes, and analyse if
those tend to me more starred, more delivered and more ambitious than other OGP
commitments, and the country and regional context of such commitments.
In the second section of the article, we expand the debate to civic
participation, understanding first the relationship between the Transparency
International Corruption Perception Index (CPI) and the percentage of a
country’s anti-corruption commitments, and then by analysing the use of civic
participation in these commitments (as defined by OGP), and the use of some
technology to foster mechanisms of participation.
§ 1 – What Is The Role of Anti-Corruption Commitments in
OGP NAPs?
Out of 1984
commitments analyzed, 17% (or 338 commitments in
total) addressed anti-corruption commitments. A commitment was coded as an
anti-corruption if it (a) explicitly refers to the word corruption (e.g. to
fight corruption, or (b) explicitly explore issues related to anti-corruption
fight (e.g. increasing transparency in asset disclosure, strengthening social
control in management of public resources, citizen monitoring of political
party financing).
As Table 1
shows, this percentage increases from the 1st to the 2nd NAP
(from 15.3% to 20%), and is higher in the regions of Africa and Asia (30.4% and
22.5%, respectively) and slightly lower in Europe (14.1%).
Table 1 – Percentage of
Anti-Corruption Commitments,
Per NAPs
|
|
Non-Anti-corruption
|
Anti-corruption
|
All
|
|
#
|
%
|
#
|
%
|
#
|
%
|
|
By NAP
sequence
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1st NAP
|
1059
|
84.7%
|
191
|
15.3%
|
1250
|
100.0%
|
|
2nd NAP
|
571
|
80.0%
|
143
|
20.0%
|
714
|
100.0%
|
|
3rd NAP
|
16
|
80.0%
|
4
|
20.0%
|
20
|
100.0%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
By
region
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Africa
|
71
|
69.6%
|
31
|
30.4%
|
102
|
100.0%
|
|
Americas
|
613
|
83.1%
|
125
|
16.9%
|
738
|
100.0%
|
|
Asia
|
189
|
77.5%
|
55
|
22.5%
|
244
|
100.0%
|
|
Europe
|
770
|
85.9%
|
126
|
14.1%
|
896
|
100.0%
|
|
Oceania
|
3
|
75.0%
|
1
|
25.0%
|
4
|
100.0%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Grand Total
|
1646
|
83.0%
|
338
|
17.0%
|
1984
|
100.0%
|
In general, as Table 2 shows around one-quarter of anti-corruption
commitments are coherent with OGP starred standards, that is, are starred commitments.
Starred commitments
refer to those commitments that are specific, relevant to open government
and OGP values, have potential impact and must see significant progress during
the action plan implementation period (showing substantial or complete
progress). In numbers, 37.4% of them are starred, 23% are completed, 27.7% are
potentially transformative, and 30.4% are highly specific.
When we
compare anti-corruption and non-anticorruption commitments, we notice that the
former is more likely to be starred and to have transformative potential impact
than the later. That suggests anti-corruption adhere more to OGP standards than
non-anticorruptions commitments do. At the same time,
when we look at completion rates, anti-corruption commitments are more unlikely
to be completed than non-anti-corruption commitments are. As such, although in
some cases anti-corruption commitments adhere more to OGP standards, this is
not always true.
Table 2 –
Quality of Anti-Corruption Commitments
(Only IRM Reviewed Commitments Compared)
|
|
Non-Anti-corruption
|
Anti-corruption
|
All
|
|
#
|
%
|
#
|
%
|
#
|
%
|
|
Is
starred?
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No
|
569
|
67.6%
|
72
|
62.6%
|
641
|
67.0%
|
|
Yes
|
273
|
32.4%
|
43
|
37.4%
|
316
|
33.0%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Actual
completion status
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Not started
|
111
|
13.9%
|
6
|
5.3%
|
117
|
12.9%
|
|
Limited
|
267
|
33.5%
|
51
|
45.1%
|
318
|
34.9%
|
|
Substantial
|
174
|
21.8%
|
30
|
26.5%
|
204
|
22.4%
|
|
Complete
|
245
|
30.7%
|
26
|
23.0%
|
271
|
29.8%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Potential
impact
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
None
|
49
|
7.2%
|
4
|
4.0%
|
53
|
6.8%
|
|
Minor
|
221
|
32.5%
|
26
|
25.7%
|
247
|
31.6%
|
|
Moderate
|
256
|
37.6%
|
43
|
42.6%
|
299
|
38.2%
|
|
Transformative
|
155
|
22.8%
|
28
|
27.7%
|
183
|
23.4%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Specificity
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
None
|
24
|
2.9%
|
6
|
5.2%
|
30
|
3.1%
|
|
Low
|
207
|
24.6%
|
35
|
30.4%
|
242
|
25.3%
|
|
Medium
|
252
|
29.9%
|
39
|
33.9%
|
291
|
30.4%
|
|
High
|
359
|
42.6%
|
35
|
30.4%
|
394
|
41.2%
|
When group countries per region, and analyse the percentage of
commitments on anti-corruption, we notice for example that some countries
dedicate more than half of the NAPs to fighting corruption, such as Hungary (80%),
Turkey (71.4%), Ghana and Sierra Leone (63.6% each), while others dedicate no
commitment to fighting corruption, such as Tanzania, Panama, Moldova, and
Finland. Moldova is actually an interesting case, due to the long NAP lenght (out of 60 commitments submitted, none addressed
anti-corruption commitments).
Table 3 – Percentage of
Anti-Corruption Commitments,
Per Country
|
|
Non-Anti-corruption
|
Anti-corruption
|
All
|
|
|
#
|
%
|
#
|
%
|
#
|
%
|
|
Africa
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ghana
|
4
|
36.4%
|
7
|
63.6%
|
11
|
100.0%
|
|
Sierra
Leone
|
4
|
36.4%
|
7
|
63.6%
|
11
|
100.0%
|
|
Tunisia
|
9
|
45.0%
|
11
|
55.0%
|
20
|
100.0%
|
|
Kenya
|
6
|
66.7%
|
3
|
33.3%
|
9
|
100.0%
|
|
Liberia
|
5
|
83.3%
|
1
|
16.7%
|
6
|
100.0%
|
|
South
Africa
|
13
|
86.7%
|
2
|
13.3%
|
15
|
100.0%
|
|
Tanzania
|
30
|
100.0%
|
|
0.0%
|
30
|
100.0%
|
|
Americas
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Honduras
|
33
|
71.7%
|
13
|
28.3%
|
46
|
100.0%
|
|
El
Salvador
|
55
|
72.4%
|
21
|
27.6%
|
76
|
100.0%
|
|
Dominican
Republic
|
26
|
74.3%
|
9
|
25.7%
|
35
|
100.0%
|
|
Colombia
|
21
|
75.0%
|
7
|
25.0%
|
28
|
100.0%
|
|
Brazil
|
65
|
77.4%
|
19
|
22.6%
|
84
|
100.0%
|
|
Philippines
|
22
|
78.6%
|
6
|
21.4%
|
28
|
100.0%
|
|
USA
|
42
|
79.2%
|
11
|
20.8%
|
53
|
100.0%
|
|
Peru
|
39
|
81.3%
|
9
|
18.8%
|
48
|
100.0%
|
|
Guatemala
|
51
|
82.3%
|
11
|
17.7%
|
62
|
100.0%
|
|
Trinidad
and Tobago
|
11
|
84.6%
|
2
|
15.4%
|
13
|
100.0%
|
|
Argentina
|
17
|
89.5%
|
2
|
10.5%
|
19
|
100.0%
|
|
Canada
|
37
|
90.2%
|
4
|
9.8%
|
41
|
100.0%
|
|
Chile
|
28
|
90.3%
|
3
|
9.7%
|
31
|
100.0%
|
|
Costa
Rica
|
21
|
91.3%
|
2
|
8.7%
|
23
|
100.0%
|
|
Paraguay
|
22
|
91.7%
|
2
|
8.3%
|
24
|
100.0%
|
|
Mexico
|
60
|
95.2%
|
3
|
4.8%
|
63
|
100.0%
|
|
Uruguay
|
58
|
98.3%
|
1
|
1.7%
|
59
|
100.0%
|
|
Panama
|
5
|
100.0%
|
|
0.0%
|
5
|
100.0%
|
|
Asia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Turkey
|
2
|
28.6%
|
5
|
71.4%
|
7
|
100.0%
|
|
Armenia
|
15
|
57.7%
|
11
|
42.3%
|
26
|
100.0%
|
|
Georgia
|
31
|
77.5%
|
9
|
22.5%
|
40
|
100.0%
|
|
Jordan
|
38
|
79.2%
|
10
|
20.8%
|
48
|
100.0%
|
|
Indonesia
|
25
|
80.6%
|
6
|
19.4%
|
31
|
100.0%
|
|
Mongolia
|
17
|
81.0%
|
4
|
19.0%
|
21
|
100.0%
|
|
South
Korea
|
17
|
81.0%
|
4
|
19.0%
|
21
|
100.0%
|
|
Azerbaijan
|
32
|
86.5%
|
5
|
13.5%
|
37
|
100.0%
|
|
Israel
|
12
|
92.3%
|
1
|
7.7%
|
13
|
100.0%
|
|
Europe
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hungary
|
1
|
20.0%
|
4
|
80.0%
|
5
|
100.0%
|
|
Serbia
|
6
|
46.2%
|
7
|
53.8%
|
13
|
100.0%
|
|
Latvia
|
17
|
63.0%
|
10
|
37.0%
|
27
|
100.0%
|
|
Sweden
|
8
|
66.7%
|
4
|
33.3%
|
12
|
100.0%
|
|
Malta
|
5
|
71.4%
|
2
|
28.6%
|
7
|
100.0%
|
|
Czech
Republic
|
7
|
77.8%
|
2
|
22.2%
|
9
|
100.0%
|
|
Montenegro
|
44
|
78.6%
|
12
|
21.4%
|
56
|
100.0%
|
|
Romania
|
23
|
79.3%
|
6
|
20.7%
|
29
|
100.0%
|
|
Norway
|
35
|
79.5%
|
9
|
20.5%
|
44
|
100.0%
|
|
Ukraine
|
43
|
79.6%
|
11
|
20.4%
|
54
|
100.0%
|
|
Ireland
|
21
|
80.8%
|
5
|
19.2%
|
26
|
100.0%
|
|
Albania
|
34
|
81.0%
|
8
|
19.0%
|
42
|
100.0%
|
|
Estonia
|
32
|
84.2%
|
6
|
15.8%
|
38
|
100.0%
|
|
UK
|
53
|
85.5%
|
9
|
14.5%
|
62
|
100.0%
|
|
Macedonia
|
76
|
88.4%
|
10
|
11.6%
|
86
|
100.0%
|
|
Croatia
|
73
|
89.0%
|
9
|
11.0%
|
82
|
100.0%
|
|
Lithuania
|
18
|
90.0%
|
2
|
10.0%
|
20
|
100.0%
|
|
Spain
|
21
|
91.3%
|
2
|
8.7%
|
23
|
100.0%
|
|
Greece
|
28
|
93.3%
|
2
|
6.7%
|
30
|
100.0%
|
|
Italy
|
15
|
93.8%
|
1
|
6.3%
|
16
|
100.0%
|
|
Netherlands
|
17
|
94.4%
|
1
|
5.6%
|
18
|
100.0%
|
|
Slovakia
|
21
|
95.5%
|
1
|
4.5%
|
22
|
100.0%
|
|
Bulgaria
|
48
|
96.0%
|
2
|
4.0%
|
50
|
100.0%
|
|
Denmark
|
46
|
97.9%
|
1
|
2.1%
|
47
|
100.0%
|
|
Moldova
|
60
|
100.0%
|
|
0.0%
|
60
|
100.0%
|
|
Oceania
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
New
Zealand
|
3
|
75.0%
|
1
|
25.0%
|
4
|
100.0%
|
|
Grand Total
|
1646
|
83.0%
|
338
|
17.0%
|
1984
|
100.0%
|
§ 2 – What Is the Role of
Perception of Corruption in NAP Addressing Anti-Corruption Commitments?
The technical
report issued by the IRM suggested clear evidence that anti-corruption was a
broad theme supported by governments that, nonetheless, was often pursued
without the idea of open government in mind. As the report writes:
“Action plans had a number of commitments that
would clearly relate to the control of corruption, but lacked anything open
about them. For example, internal-to-government reforms such as secret
tribunals or internal-only audits-however commendable, accountability-spurring,
or effective-do not meet the basic test of being ‘open’.”
In this section we continue our research, comparing to what extent the
perception of corruption in the country is related to the adoption of
anti-corruption commitments in the NAPs, and how this perception is related to
the use of civic mechanisms of participation to fight corruption in the
country.
The CPI
Score (Corruption Perception Index) is an index published by Transparency
International that score countries on how corrupt their public sectors are seen
to be. The score is based in informed
views of analysts, businesspeople and experts in the country, and is done since
1995.
In the
Figure 1 we compare how the perception of corruption in the public sector (CPI
score) compares to the share of NAP commitments dedicated to corruption.
Figure 1 – CPI score vs. % of
Anti-Corruption Commitments
In the Y
axe, we plotted the CPI scores of all countries, and as we know, the higher the
CPI score, the lower is the perception of corruption. In the X axe, we plotted
the percentage of all NAP commitments in the country related to
anti-corruption, and as we know, the higher the percentage, the more NAPs are
related to anti-corruption. We also included in Figure 1 two bars, indicating
the averages of each variable.
They are useful to split the countries in four groups.
Table 4 –
Group I Countries
|
Country
|
CPI Score
|
% of Anti-Corruption Commitments
|
|
#
|
%
|
|
Czech Republic
|
51
|
22.2%
|
|
Georgia
|
52
|
22.5%
|
|
Hungary
|
54
|
80.0%
|
|
Latvia
|
55
|
37.0%
|
|
Malta
|
55
|
28.6%
|
|
New Zealand
|
91
|
25.0%
|
|
Sweden
|
87
|
33.3%
|
|
USA
|
74
|
20.8%
|
The second
group, positioned in quarter II, refers to countries with relative high corruption
perception (low CPI score), and high percentage of anti-corruption commitments.
Countries falling into this group refer to what we most expect countries to do:
in presence of a high perception of corruption as a public issue, NAPs dedicate
overestimate the share of anti-corruption commitment. This is the case of
Sierra Leone, that dedicates 63.6% of all commitments to
fight corruption in face of a scenario where corruption is highly perceived as
a public concern (CPI score of 31). In comparison, Honduras, that fall
in the same group, has an even lower CPI score (29) and even so dedicates only
28.3% of all commitments to fight corruption.
Table 5 – Group II Countries
|
Country
|
CPI Score
|
% of Anti-Corruption Commitments
|
|
Armenia
|
37
|
42.3%
|
|
Brazil
|
43
|
22.6%
|
|
Colombia
|
37
|
25.0%
|
|
Dominican Republic
|
32
|
25.7%
|
|
El Salvador
|
39
|
27.6%
|
|
Ghana
|
48
|
63.6%
|
|
Honduras
|
29
|
28.3%
|
|
Jordan
|
49
|
20.8%
|
|
Kenya
|
25
|
33.3%
|
|
Montenegro
|
42
|
21.4%
|
|
Philippines
|
38
|
21.4%
|
|
Romania
|
43
|
20.7%
|
|
Serbia
|
41
|
53.8%
|
|
Sierra Leone
|
31
|
63.6%
|
|
Tunisia
|
40
|
55.0%
|
|
Turkey
|
45
|
71.4%
|
The third group, positioned in quarter III, refers to countries with relative
high corruption perception (low CPI score), and low percentage of
anti-corruption commitments. Countries falling into this group refer to those
not using NAP to address the equivalent level of corruption perceived as a
public issue. This is the case for example of Paraguay, that
in spite of a very low CPI Score (24) dedicated only 8.3% of all commitments to
fight corruption. It is also the case of Tanzania,
that formulated no commitment to fight corruption even with a CPI score
of 31.
Table 6 – Group
III Countries
|
Country
|
CPI Score
|
% of Anti-Corruption Commitments
|
|
#
|
%
|
|
Albania
|
33
|
19.0%
|
|
Argentina
|
34
|
10.5%
|
|
Azerbaijan
|
29
|
13.5%
|
|
Bulgaria
|
43
|
4.0%
|
|
Croatia
|
48
|
11.0%
|
|
Greece
|
43
|
6.7%
|
|
Guatemala
|
32
|
17.7%
|
|
Indonesia
|
34
|
19.4%
|
|
Italy
|
43
|
6.3%
|
|
Liberia
|
37
|
16.7%
|
|
Mexico
|
35
|
4.8%
|
|
Moldova
|
35
|
0.0%
|
|
Mongolia
|
39
|
19.0%
|
|
Panama
|
37
|
0.0%
|
|
Paraguay
|
24
|
8.3%
|
|
Peru
|
38
|
18.8%
|
|
South Africa
|
44
|
13.3%
|
|
Tanzania
|
31
|
0.0%
|
|
Trinidad and Tobago
|
38
|
15.4%
|
|
Ukraine
|
26
|
20.4%
|
The fourth
and last group, positioned in quarter IV, refers to countries with relative low
corruption perception (high CPI score), and low percentage of anti-corruption commitments.
Countries falling into this group refer to countries that formulate relatively
few commitments to fight corruption, but do so in an environment where
corruption is not perceived as a major topic. This is the case of Finland, that
formulated no commitment to fight corruption, but has a very high CPI Score
(89), or Denmark, that has only 2.1% of commitments on anti-corruption having
at the same time a CPI Score the top core of the group (92).
Table 7 –
Group IV Countries
|
Country
|
CPI Score
|
% of Anti-Corruption Commitments
|
|
#
|
%
|
|
Canada
|
81
|
9.8%
|
|
Chile
|
73
|
9.7%
|
|
Costa Rica
|
54
|
8.7%
|
|
Denmark
|
92
|
2.1%
|
|
Estonia
|
69
|
15.8%
|
|
Finland
|
89
|
0.0%
|
|
Ireland
|
74
|
19.2%
|
|
Israel
|
60
|
7.7%
|
|
Lithuania
|
58
|
10.0%
|
|
Macedonia
|
NA
|
11.6%
|
|
Netherlands
|
83
|
5.6%
|
|
Norway
|
86
|
20.5%
|
|
Slovakia
|
50
|
4.5%
|
|
South Korea
|
55
|
19.0%
|
|
Spain
|
60
|
8.7%
|
|
UK
|
78
|
14.5%
|
|
Uruguay
|
73
|
1.7%
|
§ 3 – How Are Countries
With a High Perception of Corruption, and a High Share of Anti-Corruption
Commitments Delivering?
Amongst all four groups, group II is the
one that most addresses the goals of OGP. In an environment of corruption perceived
as a highly sensitive public issue, those countries are using NAPs above the
average to fight corruption. The question however is: are these countries
performing well?
Table compares the quality of
anti-corruption commitments against all commitments analyzed by IRMs. Group 2
shows less starred commitments, less completed commitments, and less highly
specific commitments than the average of all commitment. The only index where
group 2 performs better than the overall average is the share of transformative
potential impact. That suggests that the overall quality of Group 2 commitments
is lower than the overall commitments, even if the commitments tend to be more
ambitious in potential impact than the overall commitments are.
Table 8 –
Quality of Anti-Corruption Commitments (Only IRM Reviewed Commitments
Compared)
|
|
Group 2 countries
|
All
|
|
#
|
%
|
#
|
%
|
|
Is starred?
|
|
|
|
|
|
No
|
37
|
69.8%
|
641
|
67.0%
|
|
Yes
|
16
|
30.2%
|
316
|
33.0%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Actual completion status
|
|
|
|
|
|
Not started
|
3
|
5.7%
|
117
|
12.9%
|
|
Limited
|
26
|
49.1%
|
318
|
34.9%
|
|
Substantial
|
16
|
30.2%
|
204
|
22.4%
|
|
Complete
|
8
|
15.1%
|
271
|
29.8%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Potential impact
|
|
|
|
|
|
None
|
1
|
2.2%
|
53
|
6.8%
|
|
Minor
|
12
|
26.7%
|
247
|
31.6%
|
|
Moderate
|
20
|
44.4%
|
299
|
38.2%
|
|
Transformative
|
12
|
26.7%
|
183
|
23.4%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Specificity
|
|
|
|
|
|
None
|
5
|
9.4%
|
30
|
3.1%
|
|
Low
|
11
|
20.8%
|
242
|
25.3%
|
|
Medium
|
18
|
34%
|
291
|
30.4%
|
|
High
|
19
|
35.8%
|
394
|
41.2%
|
It is important to consider however that
the performance of countries in group 2 is highly
diverse. Philippines, for example, included 3 commitments to fight corruption, 2
of them stared, all highly specific. Armenia, Dominican Republic, Jordan, and
Montenegro all submitted 6 or more commitments, but had none of just one
commitment starred, and out of those, only Jordan delivered completely or
substantially more than half of the commitments dedicated to fight corruption.
As a general result, Group 2 points to the
most promising group of countries to address corruption, but the overall
performance of countries who fall into this group is below average, and with
few exception (Brazil for example, who delivered all commitments formulated to
fight corruption, and Philippines, aforementioned), the promise is not largely
delivered.
§ 4 – What Is The Role of
The Civil Society in Fighting Corruption?
We
identified in the sample 338 corruption addressing the fight to corruption,
however, how many of those included civil society to tackle the problem? In a
previous work we analysed the 1st and 2nd NAPs of Brazil,
looking for the extent to which the fight to corruption include civil society
as a stakeholder, and how new technologies are used to foster mechanism of
public participation. In our analysis, we found that more than half of the
Brazilian commitments aiming to fight corruption had no role for civic
participation, and amongst those, even fewer used technology to connect
government and citizens to address the issue (Lemos, Steibel, 2015).
We recoded
all the anti-corruption commitments looking for mentions to civil society
actors, coding as “civil society participation included” any explicit mention
to citizens, CSOs, individuals, general public or other reference to civil
society. Our analysis found 46 anti-corruption commitments sharing
anti-corruption tasks with civil society members (the equivalent of 13,6% of
all anti-corruption commitments coded). In other words, in almost 9 in 10
commitments that aim to fight corruption, no civil society partner is
explicitly mentioned.
Table 9 – Use of technology, and
mechanisms of participation, in anti-corruption commitments (N=46)
|
|
Anti-corruption
|
|
#
|
%
|
|
Use of technology
|
|
|
|
Use of big data
|
2
|
4.3%
|
|
Use of open data
|
9
|
19.6%
|
|
Use of online websites
|
13
|
28.3%
|
|
Use of social media
|
1
|
2.2%
|
|
Use of any technology
|
15
|
32.6%
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mechanism of participation proposed
|
|
|
|
Information
|
12
|
26.1%
|
|
Consultation
|
25
|
54.3%
|
|
Involvement
|
8
|
17.4%
|
|
Collaboration
|
1
|
2.2%
|
|
Empowerment
|
0
|
-
|
|
|
|
|
|
Grand Total
|
46
|
100%
|
Amongst those
46 commitments, we also looked for the use of technology to foster civic
participation. We looked for explicit mentions to four trending digital tools
(i.e. use of big data, open data, online websites and social media), and then
analysed how these tools are being used to promote mechanisms of public
participation. In specific, we looked at how these mechanisms fall into the
IAP2 spectrum of civic participation.
The IAP2 – International
Association of Participation (2007)[14]
is a methodology to code civic participation being currently used by IRM
reports to rank the consultations run by government during the design of the
NAPs. Amongst the five grades, a sharp different between the first two (i.e.
information and consultation) and the last three (i.e. involvement,
collaboration and empowerment) refers to how decision-making is set. In the
first cases, government takes decision alone, while in the later, government
gradually share some decision-making powers with civil society. Based on the
IAP2 spectrum, only involvement/collaboration/empowerment include
sharing-decision mechanisms, and this is the goal we are pursuing as good use
of technology to fight corruption.
As Table 8
shows, only one in three commitments that fight corruption with aid of civic
participation make use key of open government technologies, being online
websites the most frequent one (28.3% of the commitments fall into this
category).
The worst
scenario however is that four out of five (80.4%) commitments do not include
sharing-decision mechanisms with civil society to fight corruption. Based on
the IAP2 standards, this means that governments are deciding alone how to best
fight corruption. One evidence of that is that
Consultation is by far the most common use of technology to engage civil
society in such task (54.3% of commitments fall into this category).
§ 5 – Discussion
Our findings suggest that civil society
participation is not a priority in OGP commitments that aim to fight
corruption. Anti-corruption commitments are indeed a focus of NAPs, but using
technology, and the participative architecture of the Internet, is not.
What are the driving forces for countries
to use OGP commitments to fight corruption? As we identified, the main drivers
for anti-corruption commitments are region (Africa for example has more
emphasis in including anti-corruption commitments than other regions have),
maturity in OGP (seconds NAPs tend to have more anti-corruption commitments
than firsts NAPs), and the perception of corruption in a country (CPI score,
meaning that the more corruption is perceived as a national problem, more
likely is to see anti-corruption commitments in the NAP).
Nonetheless, civic participation in
anti-corruption is understood poorly. In spite of the potential to create
mechanism of civic participation, most commitments dedicate few or no attention
to include civil society in the task of fighting corruption.
References
Chen Y. et all, Electronic Governance and Cross-Boundary
Collaboration: Innovations and Advancing Tools, London: Information Science
Reference, 2012.
Hanson
K., Belkacem K., Ekenberg.
L., “Open Government and
Democracy”, Social Sciense
Computer Review, Suécia. Dez. 2014, Available at: www.ssc.sagepub.com/content/early/2014/12/03/0894439314560847
Acesso em: 16 abril 2014.
IAP2. Spectrum of participation Available at:.
http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.iap2.org/resource/resmgr/imported/IAP2%20Spectrum_vertical.pdf.
Acesso em 16 Abril 2015.
Jenkins H., Culture of Convergence,
São Paulo: Aleph, 2008.
Kassen M., “Globalization of e-government:
open government as a global agenda; benefits, limitations and ways forward”, Information Development, February 2014
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Naser A., Plan de gobierno abierto: Una hoja de ruta
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Noveck B., Wiki government: how technology can make government better, democracy
stronger, and citizens more powerful, Washington D.C.: Brookings
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Acesso em: 06 Abr 2015. 2004.
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Acesso
em 16 de Abril de 2015.
List of anti-corruption commitments
making use of technologies
|
Country name
|
Comm: Commitment title
|
Comm:
Full commitment text
|
|
USA
|
Increase
Transparency in Spending
|
The Administration s efforts to increase
transparency in Federal spending have opened up new data on Federal procurement
and financial assistance The Administration intends to further increase the
transparency of where Federal tax dollars are spent by committing to Join
the Global Initiative on Fiscal Transparency The United States will join the
Global Initiative on Fiscal Transparency GIFT an international network of
governments and non government organizations aimed at enhancing financial
transparency accountability and stakeholder engagement The Administration
will actively participate in the GIFT Working Group and seek opportunities
to work with others to champion fiscal openness in appropriate global forums
Regularly Engage with External Stakeholders The U S Government will hold
quarterly meetings with external stakeholders to identify and prioritize
ways to improve the usability and functionality of the USASpending
gov website Open Up Federal Spending Data The U S
Government will make Federal spending data more easily available in open and
machine readable formats Publish Additional Federal Contracting Data The
Administration will facilitate the publication of certain Federal Government
contract information not currently available in order to increase
transparency and accountability of the Federal procurement system
Information will be made available consistent with Federal rulemaking
procedures Provide Strategic Direction for Enhancing Fiscal Transparency The
Administration through the work of the Government Accountability and
Transparency Board GATB will continue to provide strategic direction to the
Federal Government on ways to increase Federal spending transparency and to
detect waste fraud or abuse GATB will update its annual plan with 2013
accomplishments and 2014 objectives including issues of data analytics and
data integrity and standardization for procurement and grants
|
|
Ukraine
|
Preventing
and combating corruption
|
11 Developing with the involvement of members
of the public methodological recommendations on identification of corruption
risks in judicial officials work and of ways to counteract them
|
|
Ukraine
|
Preventing
and combating corruption
|
10 Developing with the involvement of members
of the public anti corruption regional programmes
|
|
Ukraine
|
16
Regional anti corruption programmes
|
Development in collaboration with the public
of regional programs for preventing and combating corruption based on best
domestic and international practices
|
|
Ukraine
|
10
Public access to information in state registers
|
Public discussion of implementing a mechanism
for free facilitated and toll-free access including via the Internet to
information stored in state registers in particular the immovable property
rights register the register of legal entities and individual entrepreneurs
the register of persons who committed corruption offences the land registry
|
|
Ukraine
|
3
Amendments to resolutions on collaboration with civil society
|
Amending resolutions by the Cabinet of
Ministers regulating collaboration with civil society bodies as related to
holding consultations with the public evaluation by the public of executive
agencies activities and anti corruption public evaluation of draft
regulations
|
|
UK
|
13
The Scottish government broadly endorses the principles of open contracting
and commits to work with civil society and wider stakeholder groups to
improve transparency in its procurement practices as part of our continuing programme of procurement reform
|
The Scottish government has set out a clear
vision for the future of Scotland At the core of its programme
is the determination to focus government and public services on creating a
more successful country with opportunities for all of Scotland to flourish
through increasing sustainable economic growth The Scottish government and
the wider public sector are committed to public procurement reform The
Procurement Reform Scotland Bill is intended to build on the work to date It
aims to establish a national legislative framework for public procurement
that supports Scotland s economic growth by delivering social and
environmental benefits supporting innovation and promoting public
procurement processes and systems which are transparent streamlined standardised proportionate fair and business friendly
Promoting transparency accountability and the efficient use of public
resources is central to this vision and to ensuring value for money Open
contracting relates to ensuring transparency and accountability in procurement
practices and procedures which in turn will promote fair competition and
greater access by all sectors to public sector contracts Timescales In 2014
the Scottish government will undertake external stakeholder engagement on
the open contracting commitment We will monitor the extents to which
contracts are advertised through PCS and compliance generally with the
transparency elements of the Bill and our widerprocurement
reform programme
|
|
UK
|
12
The UK government endorses the principles of open contracting We will build
on the existing foundation of transparency in procurement and contracting
and in consultation with civil society organisations
and other stakeholders we will look at ways to enhance the scope breadth and
usability of published contractual data
|
Open
contracting refers to practices for increased disclosure and citizen
participation in public contracting It covers the entire process including
formation award execution performance and completion of public contracts
Domestically our vision is to provide accountability to the taxpayer for how
government funds are spent to drive better value for money and increased
competition and to improve the quality of the services and products
government buys We will achieve this by delivering greater transparency of
the procurement and contracting process The UK is sharing its expertise in
open contracting through an international group of organisations
led by the World Bank The Open Contracting Partnership introduced a set of
Open Contracting Global Principles to a public audience for consultation on
its blog and website in August 2013 This was after developing them over a
period of 18 months with over 200 representatives from governments the
private sector and civil society The UK broadly welcomes these principles
and will look to assist developing nations to improve the transparency of
their government contracting The Open Contracting Partnership is also
working to develop a set of open data standards that should also deliver
greater harmonisation of the data that is
published Timescales Over the next 12 to 24 months the UK government will
endorse implement and champion internationally the Open Contracting
Principles at the end of October 2013 and continue to assist in the
development of a set of open contracting data standards subject to technical
capability enhance the scope breadth and usability of published contractual
data on the Contracts Finder system to include o providing greater
transparency of contracts awarded overseas beginning October 2013 o
delivering a new procurement pipeline in November 2013 o investigating the
feasibility of providing greater transparency of design competitions run by
the Technology Strategy Board o engaging with prime contractors to encourage
them to provide improved visibility of supply chain opportunities and
explore a means of standardising the publication
of sub contractor details through Contracts Finder to make this data more
accessible o investigating the use of open corporate identifiers to allow
the data to be more easily compared and linked to other data held about
contracting authorities and suppliers o working with a user group to look at
ways of improving site usability to make it easier to publish data and to
find opportunities and other data of interest look to introduce standard
transparency clauses into central government contracts in consultation with
civil society organisations and the business
community build on the findings from a pilot programme
by launching the new Solutions Exchange website during Winter 2013 for small
and medium sized enterprises to pitch innovative solutions to government
outside of the formal procurement process and for government to conduct
informal pre market engagement by providing greater transparency of the
challenges and themes to which solutions are needed take steps to ensure
transparency about outsourced services is provided in response to freedom of
information requests by encouraging the use and enforcement of contractual
provisions to maintain the levels of transparency provided by the Freedom of
Information Act 2000 revised guidance will be provided in 2014 publish
contracts using the local language where contracts are drawn up with
overseas suppliers we will consider what further steps can be taken to
provide greater transparency of contracts to affected communities where
additional language barriers occur
|
|
UK
|
9
The UK government will promote the principles of transparency and
accountability in all government funded construction projects in the domestic
and international arenas including in the period up until 2015 working with
others in government and civil society to identify suitable projects for the
application of the Construction Sector Transparency Initiative CoST in the UK using its bilateral and multilateral
relationships to encourage the establishment of at least four new national CoST programmes in countries
where DFID is working
|
Promoting transparency and accountability in
infrastructure will achieve impact in four interrelated areas reductions in
corruption mismanagement and inefficiency creating a business environment in
which contracts are awarded solely on the basis of price and quality better
value for money invested in infrastructure better quality infrastructure and
services The beneficiaries of these improvements are all those who
contribute to the public purse through taxation and or use public
infrastructure Private sector organisations that
follow principles of integrity and efficient management in bidding for and
undertaking construction work will also benefit Our vision is for all
governments to be applying the principles of openness and accountability to
government funded construction projects Realising
this vision is an enormous task and requires action on many fronts but the
commitments included here will help demonstrate how it can be achieved
Timescales The key milestones for this commitment are apply CoST disclosure requirements on additional projects in
the UK by 2015 use government s bilateral and multilateral relationships to
encourage the establishment of at least four new national CoST programmes by 2015 in
countries where DFID is working
|
|
UK
|
6
The UK government will for the first time bring together all of the UK s
anti corruption efforts under one cross government anti corruption plan
|
The UK s work so far has sought to address
corruption both at home and abroad The UK government takes the issue of
preventing and dealing with corruption where it occurs both at home and
overseas very seriously Over recent years the UK has taken a number of steps
to deal with corruption and we have good structures and legislation already
in place including the Bribery Act 2010 which is a world leading piece of
legislation reforming criminal law to provide a new modern and comprehensive
scheme of bribery offences and including a new offence of failure by a
commercial organisation to prevent a bribe being
paid for or on its behalf the introduction of Deferred Prosecution
Agreements as an additional tool to help prosecutors deal with bribery and
corruption in large companies the appointment of a government Anti
Corruption Champion covering both domestic and international affairs two
Department for International Development DFID funded police units one in the
Metropolitan Police investigating money stolen from developing countries and
laundered through the UK and another unit in the City of London Police
tackling bribery by UK companies and nationals in developing countries steps
taken to tackle abuse of the LIBOR mechanism creation of the National Crime
Agency which has the role and remit to lead support and direct other
agencies to tackle serious and organised fraud
bribery and corruption publication of the new Serious and Organised Crime Strategy which sets out how we will make
the UK a more hostile place for bribery and corruption the strategy makes it
clear that the Home Office will take a new lead role in coordinating all
domestic bribery and corruption policy working with the Cabinet Office and
DFID to align this with work on corruption overseas the creation in 2012 of
a UK Asset Recovery Task Force to gather evidence trace assets and pursue
legal cases to return money stolen and laundered through the UK by the
former regimes of the Arab Spring countries Even with this activity taking
place we recognise that there is more that can be
done to improve our standing at home and to better manage our reputation for
dealing with corruption and bribery offences overseas To do this the UK
government will for the first time bring together all of the UK s anti
corruption efforts under one cross government anti corruption plan The plan
will bring greater coordination and effectiveness to the UK s efforts to
tackle corruption both domestically and internationally across government
and its agencies and with civil society business and international
institutions Non governmental organisations NGOs
and civil society organisations CSOs will be
consulted for their views on the content of the plan The plan will include a
range of measures that the UK will take to prevent corruption and enforce
relevant legislation For example once refreshed EU rules are in place
whereby we are already required to exclude suppliers for bribery and
corruption we will reconsider the potential benefits and disadvantages of a
register of excluded suppliers implementing and enforcing the UK Bribery Act
by resourcing enforcement agencies and ensuring effective reporting
processes tackling money laundering through international collaboration The
UK government will also build on good progress made so far by continuing to
work with the UK s Overseas Territories to extend to them the United Nations
Convention against Corruption and the Organisation
for Economic Co operation and Development OECD Anti Bribery Convention The
Home Office will provide the coordination function across government which
will report jointly to the Home Secretary and the government s Anti
Corruption Champion
|
|
Turkey
|
A2
Holding an Advisory Platform for Transparency in Public and Openness at least
once a year with the broad participation of representatives of public sector
non governmental organizations and private sector holding seminars workshops
and conferences with a view to increasing public awareness in the areas of
integrity transparency accountability and combating against corruption
|
This platform will enable different segments
of our society to thoroughly discuss the social and economic effects of
steps taken in the fields of integrity transparency accountability and
combating against corruption trigger debates on which measures should be
taken on these issues Various reports will be prepared and evaluation of the
results of the previous year will be conducted Both by means of www
transparency gov tr and
via seminars conferences and workshops to be held under the leadership of
Non Governmental Organizations our target is to keep the public s interest
continuous on matters related to integrity transparency accountability and
combating against corruption
|
|
Turkey
|
A1
Setting up a web portal named www transparency gov
tr
|
A web portal will be set up which will
provide all the current information about the projects and strategies
implemented by the Government regarding integrity transparency
accountability and combating against red tape and corruption all legal and
other arrangements in these fields all international conventions that we are
party to and the activities carried out at international organizations of
which we are a member Our aim through this web site will be to set up an infrastructure
whereby it will be possible to receive feedback from citizens regarding
draft laws and bills as well as all issues related to the implementation of
these regulations Thus the public will continuously be fully informed and
active participation in these matters will be encouraged
|
|
Tunisia
|
Commitment
n 9 Develop a number of administrative services on line
|
Based on a participatory approach through the
organization of online consultation a list of the administrative services that
are much used by citizens and that can be automated will be drawn This list
will include e services with different maturity level Informative
interactive and fully integrated services that covers the needs of different
administration users citizens businesses public servants foreigners
Developing online services will certainly enhance the public sector
transparency reduce corruption and support the participatory approach
|
|
Tunisia
|
Commitment
n 2 Developing an integrated electronic civil petition and corruption
reporting platform
|
This platform will contribute to fight
corruption and promote citizen participation Using multiple channels Website
Call center SMS direct visits of citizens the system will be a channel to receive
citizens complaints and report corruption cases These complaints will be
dispatched to different public structures at the central regional and local
levels The system ensures the follow up of the petition throughout the
treatment process The system will allow the publication of data on received
and treated petitions by category of the petition and by field It will allow
citizens to follow up their petition treatment process and it will be
designed based on a participatory approach involving civil society
representatives This system will be implemented in phases to cover all
public structures The first one concerns number of pilot ministries that
will be latterly determined
|
|
Sweden
|
Commitment
4 Improved opportunities for dialogue and transparency in aid management and
implementation
|
The commitment on improved opportunities for
dialogue and transparency in aid management and implementation aims to
increase mutual knowledge and participation Greater knowledge and
involvement of more actors create better possibilities for accountability
and promote innovative thinking Increased transparency also facilitates
active involvement and public participation and may limit the scope for
corruption and misuse of resources The commitment will mainly be achieved
through strengthening channels for dialogue and feedback on aid management
and implementation with different parts of society Main activities Develop
and implement an updated government strategy for aid information and
communication activities 11 Negotiate and implement a compact between the
Government and Swedish civil society organisations
that enhances dialogue and outlines these organisations
role in Swedish aid Support initiatives related to ICT that create
opportunities for increased participation from a broader spectrum of the
population Further develop procedures for management of reports by the
public organisations and employees of misuse
suspected corruption and other complaints with an impact on Swedish aid
funds
|
|
South
Korea
|
d Strengthening Public
Service Ethics
|
In order to discourage retired public oficials from seking lucrative
positons outside the public sector post public
employment wil be more strictly inspected in 2014
with a target restriction rate of 9 7 percent A detailed plan to strengthen
the inspection is scheduled to be made available within the month of April
2014 The Korean government wil hold regular
advisory group metings at least twice a year withretired oficials public
administration profesors and experts to gain fedback constantly on the inspection proces
in place The target restriction rate wil be
adjusted upward every year from 2015 Also retired public oficials
wil be provided with guidelines about post public
employment restrictions on the website for aset disclosure
as son as they sign in to declare their retirement status In aditon from the second half of 2014 the result of
inspections on post public employment wil beposted on the websites of government oficial ethics commites for
the purpose of making the ethics commites more
transparent and acountable and enhancing their reliabilty to citzens
|
|
South
Korea
|
c Enhancing
Information Disclosure
|
Since late March in 2014 any government
documents signed by director generals or higher have ben disclosed no mater
whether they are requested to be disclosed or not Those documents are
uploaded on information disclosure portal open go kr
However in acordance with the Public Information
Act documents that contain private information 8 items must not be disclosed
At he end of May about 80 00 original documents were disclosed and the range
of documents to be disclosed wil be expanded from
2015 To be specific even those documents signed by directors wil be disclosed which wil
result in 10 milion documents to be disclosed anualy In order to make sure the shared information met
the demands of civil society the Ministry of Security and Public
Administration MOSPA wil form a citzen watch group that overses
the proces of information disclosure by the end of
June 2014 and the watch group is composed of civil society members experts
and other ordinary citzens The watch group members
were selected through an online contest among those who were interested in
disclosure of information and those who had most actively requested for
disclosure of information became the members of the group This group wil be responsible for reviewing how disclosure of
information is conducted in the central government agencies as wel as local governments and monitoring the performance
of each agency by requesting disclosure of information themselves Another
goal to be met in 2014 is to improve the quality of disclosed information To
do so the Korean government wil anounce in advance the list of to be disclosed
information categorized under ten specific areas of high interest health
welfare food safety child rearing finance education consumer protection
leisure job and housing
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Sierra
Leone
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11
Establish an open data portal to improve transparency in fiscal and
extractive transactions
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The Government
of Sierra Leone has made a commitment to participate in the open government
partnership in order to increase transparency and accountability and at the
same time to help in the fight against corruption Building on our progress
to date with other initiatives Sierra Leone continues its efforts to expand
access to government data from government ministries departments and
agencies Today we do not have such a website that is fully functional with
open government data even though we have a website named Transparency Sierra
Leone that has not met its objectives This past October Sierra Leone
announced its intent and commitment to become a member in the open
government partnership whose strategy is grounded on information technology
as the primary medium to open up government Actions Required Milestones for
Completion a Open data readiness assessment completed in collaboration with
development partners b Expertsonthedesignofanopendataportalwithdevelopmentpartners
and Non Governmental Organizations engaged c Source funding to establish a
data portal for pilot Government documents such as budget 70 of mining and
agricultural contracts and 20 of Laws of Sierra Leone that have been gazetted
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Sierra
Leone
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6
Enact an Extractive Industry Revenue Act EIRA to promote transparency and
accountability in the granting of tax incentives
|
The Extractives Industry Revenue is an Act
that is required to regulate the management of revenue especially with
reference to the granting of tax incentives to companies operating in Sierra
Leone Implementing the draft Extractives Industry Revenue Bill is crucial in
that it would require the government to publish a statement of its tax
expenditure detailing all tax exemptions the beneficiaries and the revenue
foregone in a bid to promote transparency It will also require producing and
publishing a cost benefit analysis on the need to grant tax incentive on an
annual basis hence the public will be well informed on the rationale for
granting tax incentives which may engender public debate and foster
accountability and reduce the discretionary powers of Government officials
Recently according to the National Revenue Authority over 1 Billion in
concessions were given to countries operating in Sierra Leone over a two
year period Actions Required Milestones for Completion a Public
consultations held on the Bill within a reasonable time frame b Bill tabled
in Cabinet by Ministry of Finance and Economic Development c Bill tabled in
Parliament d Bill passed by Parliament and enacted
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Sierra
Leone
|
3
Scale up and deepen the activities of the Performance Management and Service
Delivery Directorate to improve accountability and increase civic
participation in governance
|
The
Performance Management and Service Delivery Directorate was established in
2013 in the Office of the Chief of Staff to lead performance contracting of
key public officials within key service delivery institutions across
Government To date performance contracts have been rolled out to over 80 of
ministries departments and agencies tertiary education institutions and
local councils The Performance Tracking Table is used to help institutions
plan their activities against which they are assessed on a bi yearly basis
in a bid to ensure improved service delivery however dissemination of the
assessments to the public has been poor which has undermined its objective
of improving accountability Improving on civic participation in the PMSD
process will increase accountability which is assumed will result in
improved service delivery Actions Required Milestones for Completion a All
assessments of MDAs covered by PMSD published in a yearly volume to be made
available to the public in print and online mediums b 9 pilot MDAs for
implementation selected c Ensure that in the planning and budget cycle for
an initial 9 piloted MDAs yearly activity plans are prepared in conjunction
with procurement plans which will be the basis of budgets submitted for
consideration to the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development The
planning cycle and fiscal cycle must be synchronized to ensure that the
activity based budget by MOFED is in fact informed by proper planning vis a vis a robust activity
and procurement plan which should inform budget preparation d Town Hall
meeting held not more than 2 months after publication to engage the public
on the findings by the Performance Management and Service Delivery
Directorate through a public bi yearly assessment of the performance
contracts
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Serbia
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MEASURE
13 STRENGTHENING CSO PARTICIPATION IN MONITORING THE PAR IPLEMENTATION
|
Monitoring and evaluation of the planned
reform activities is essential for an on going harmonization of the process
enabling timely response and introducing corrective measures in case of any
delays or discrepancies identified The monitoring system used for this
process is based on regular processing of data collected from regular and
interim reports The current system hasn t been
sufficiently systemic it has been predominantly based on the ad hoc and
inconsistent reporting and monitoring It is therefore necessary to develop a
complete and efficient monitoring and evaluation system for the outcome of
performed activities This principally implies the introduction of mandatory
quarterly semi annual reports by all the actors which would be submitted to
the competent Ministry After being processed by the competent Ministry they
are discussed by the Inter ministerial Project group and then at higher
levels of coordination of the implementation of the PAR Strategy With the
aim of more comprehensive and objective data collection better information
on the activities of CSOs that can contribute to reforms better flow of
information to civil society about the activities of the state and
monitoring of the implementation of the planned reform activities there is a
need to include CSOs in the Inter ministerial Project group as support for
the improvement of the monitoring system
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Romania
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A
1 e Initiating pilot projects in partnerships
|
initiating pilot projects that may serve as examples of good practice and
support promoting the concept and benefits of open data in partnership with
organizations whose commitment may have an immediate positive impact on
increasing institutional transparency and credibility ex data sets regarding
the implementation of the SNA National Anticorruption Strategy
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Philippines
|
3
Engage civil society in public audit
|
The Commission on Audit will create an internal
unit as a mode to institutionalize the engagement of civil society
organizations in conducting participatory audits of government projects For
2014 the Commission will jointly conduct four pilot audits of infrastructure
projects with partner civil society organizations
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Philippines
|
2
Support for the passage of legislations on access to information and
protection of whistleblowers
|
The government commits to include in the
priority legislation of the Executive two bills that promote access to information
and protection of whistleblowers Parallel activities will be conducted by
civil society advocates to support the passage of the two priority bills
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Mexico
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9
Gasto abierto
|
Construir una
plataforma p blica abierta e interactiva que permita
a las personas conocer y dar seguimiento a la asignaci
n destino y resultados del gasto federalizado as como de la obra p blica financiada con recursos federales que incluya las
justificaciones t cnicas la localidad y el tipo de
proyecto de inversi n La informaci
n deber estar disponible en datos abiertos y contar con mecanismos de
consulta accesibles como la georeferenciaci n
interactiva a nivel localidad Para esto se deber actualizar el sistema por
medio del cual los gobiernos locales reportan el ejercicio del gasto a la federaci n
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Israel
|
2
State Budget Information Accessibility
|
Since 2011 due to public demand the Finance
Ministry has been publishing budget details in Excel files Using the
information published the NGO Workshop for Public Information created the
Open Budget Website that allows the budget to be searched and analyzed from
different perspectives The site includes participatory platforms that enable
discussion about sections of the budget and participation on social media
sites
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Hungary
|
5
Dissemination of information on anti corruption and integrity
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a Hungary undertakes to provide training for public officials in
the topics of integrity anti corruption and ethics b Hungary undertakes to provide
within the training system of state organs trainings elements for public
administration local government and judicial sector workers on the freedom
of information which also give a clear guideline for the independent
proactive disclosure of data of public interest c Hungary undertakes to
launch a credible transparent cost efficient awareness raising campaign
which builds on the involvement of citizens and NGOs and provides
information differentiated by target groups in order to increase the knowledge
and consciousness of members of society about corruption phenomena as well
as the attitudes and counter measures that may be applied against them d
Hungary undertakes to ensure that the values and knowledge relating to
corruption phenomena as well as the attitudes and counter measures that may
be applied against them are incorporated in school education including the
revision of course books in this topic and amplifying them with anti
corruption information
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Honduras
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8 Planificaci n
eficiencia y transparencia en las compras p blicas
|
No hay control
sobre la planificaci n de las compras y
contrataciones del Estado lo que imposibilita medir la eficiencia del gasto
Compras fraccionadas y altos costos en las transacciones relacionadas a las
adquisiciones del Estado Mejorar la planificaci n
de las compras vincul ndolas
al presupuesto nacional en todos los niveles del aparato gubernamental y
aumentar la eficiencia en las compras y contrataciones del Estado mediante
la institucionalizaci n de mecanismos probados y
mediante la participaci n ciudadana en el
monitoreo de los procesos de compras p blicas
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Honduras
|
1
Promote Compliance with the PTLCC
|
Impulsar el
cumplimiento del Plan de Transparencia y Lucha contra la Corrupcio
n mediante la ejecucio n y seguimiento de 115
acciones vinculadas a 25 instituciones del sector pu
blico y sociedad civil mediante un plan de accio n donde se establezcan los plazos responsables y
sanciones que obliguen a los actores involucrados a su adhesio
n Existe el compromiso de elaborar un informe anual de los avances de este
plan y hacerlo de conocimiento pu blico
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Guatemala
|
A2 Promover la participaci
n y la vigilancia ciudadana informada y alertar
|
Informar a todas y
todos los ciudadanos en los idiomas existentes sobre el gobierno abierto 1
Promover la Participaci n capacitaci
n de los pueblos ind genas 2 Promover la participaci n capacitaci n a m
s ciudadanos 3 Promover por medio de los medios de comunicaci
n masiva acerca del gobierno abierto y fomentar la cultura de transparencia
acceso a la informaci n y combate contra la corrupci n
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Guatemala
|
8 Mesas T cnicas con
Sociedad civil Sector Acad mico Sector Empresarial
y de Gobierno Abierto
|
Fortalecimiento de
Mecanismos para estimular la participaci n de Sociedad
Civil y diferentes sectores en los esfuerzos destinados a prevenir la corrupci n Mecanismos de Cumplimiento 1 Doce reuniones
anuales de mesa t cnica del sector de Sociedad
Civil convocando a 30 organizaciones no gubernamentales promoviendo la auditoria
social en las entidades p blicas 2 Doce reuniones
anuales de mesa t cnica de sector acad mico convocando a 12 instituciones promoviendo
convenios de apoyo mutuo en la promoci n de la
transparencia 3 Doce reuniones anuales de mesa t cnica
de sector salud para dar cumplimiento a la entrega de informes de pa s en el sector salud para el incremento de los
indicadores de control de corrupci n de Guatemala
4 Doce reuniones anuales de mesa t cnica del
sector empre sarial para impulsar el pacto
empresarial por la integrad contra la corrupci n
Doce reuniones anuales de mesa t cnica del sector
interinstitucional para la elaboraci n de
indicadores nacionales con el fin de desarrollar mecanismos modernos para
prevenir la corrupci n
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Guatemala
|
7 Sensibilizar a la poblaci
n en materia de transparencia y combate a la corrupci
n y crear espacios para la participaci n ciudadana
en la toma de decisiones
|
Objetivo Elevar los
conocimientos de la poblaci n en materia de acceso
a la informaci n p blica
y denuncia de actos de corrupci n surgidos en la administraci n p blica
Mecanismos de Cumplimiento 1 4000 personas beneficiarias del proyecto 2 30
de incremento semestral en denuncias quejas recibidas en el mecanismo de
denuncias creado por COPRET 100 de quejas denuncias con resoluci
n final
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Ghana
|
3
3 1 Implementation of Audit Recommendations
|
Government will further strengthen the
accountability mechanisms of Ministries Departments and Agencies MDAs by
reviewing the composition of the largely dysfunctional Audit Report
Implementation Committees ARICs to include CSO representatives and
independent professionals who will more effectively implement the
recommendations of audit reports A major impediment to effective
implementation is that the Implementation Committee is predominantly
composed of officers of the same Ministry or Department whose handling of
public money has been queried by the Auditor General Actions Convene a
meeting of appropriate CSOs and government Agencies to review the Financial
Administration Act particularly the provision on Audit Report Implementation
Committees ARICs Agree on amendment of composition of ARICs to include CSO
representatives and independent professionals Amend Financial Administration
Act
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Ghana
|
3
3 Accountability
|
In 2013 2014 Ghana Government commits to make
public officers more accountable to the public by encouraging Parliament to
effect the speedy passage of the Code of Conduct for Public Officers Bill
and initiate action for immediate implementation Government will introduce
arrangements for the verification of assets declared by public officers
through the appointment of a public officer of a rank not lower than an
appeal court judge to verify assets and liabilities declared by public
officers This will minimize or bring to closure the persistent skepticism
about the existing asset declaration regime and inject public confidence
into the process In its present form of assets declaration without
verification public confidence is low or non existent Actions Organize one
consultative forum on the status of the Code of Conduct for Public Officers
Bill and legal requirements for appointing an Assets Declaration
Commissioner Passage of the Bill by parliament Government to appoint Assets
Verification Commissioner by 2014
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Ghana
|
3
1 6 Tracking Government Investment
|
Extensive economic reforms in the past
included substantial offloading of Government interest in a large number of
commercial activities And yet Government still maintains significant investments
in some sectors of the economy The perennial challenge facing Government is
one of finding a mechanism for exercising close oversight and comprehensive
tracking of its various investments Under the OGen
government Initiative the Government commits to assign open and transparent
tracking of its overall investment as an additional responsibility of the
Policy Evaluation and Oversight Unit in the Office of the President PEOU The
PEOU currently has oversight responsibility for the performance of Ministries
Departments and Agencies MDAs but lacks legislative backing Actions
Political leadership and administrative heads to provide the PEOU with
accurate and timely information Organize a forum or meeting of CSOs in
governance and economic policy to discuss legislative backing and additional
PEOU responsibility for oversight and tracking of government investment Hold
meeting with Attorney General s Department to prepare the draft legislation
for the PEOU including new function of exercising oversight and tracking of
government investments During the OGPI plan period Government will take
steps to initiate the process for the PEOU legislative backing that clearly
specifies the additional function of tracking overall government investment
Experience gained from years of monitoring MDAs will prove useful in
tracking total government investments
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Ghana
|
3
1 5 Oil Revenue Management
|
The Petroleum Revenues Management Law has
provided for the establishment of Public Interest Accountability Committee PIAC
with the primary responsibility of enforcing transparency in the management
of oil revenues PIAC is a predominantly civil society body that monitors the
flow of oil revenues and expenditures Established in 2011 PIAC has already
issued its first report for that year and enjoyed considerable independence
and generous budgetary allocation Over the 2013 2014 period the Ghana
Government commits itself to maintain and strengthen the independence of
PIAC by continuing the provision of adequate budgetary allocation and
supporting relevant CSOs to conduct annual M E exercises to assess the
extent of PIAC independence Government further commits to the full
implementation of recommendations from annual M E reports as it will
maintain and strengthen PIAC s independent operations Government should
further strengthen the legal framework on other minerals such as Gold
Actions Publish regulations on the Petroleum Management Act Act 815 Pass the Mineral Development Fund Bill Call at
least four meetings of relevant CSOs Ministries and Departments to formulate
a framework for monitoring and evaluation of PIAC independence Support
publication and dissemination of M E reports Support relevant agencies to
formulate sustainability plans for annual M E exercises and reports
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Georgia
|
Commitment
18 Establish Mechanism to Inform the Public on Budgetary Processes
|
One of the most important tools for opening
up governments and increasing their accountability is providing the public
with information regarding the government activities The latter is
especially important with regard to the budgetary process Public engagement
in developing state budget and informing citizens on budget executions are
crucial components of transparency of public finance management its
effectiveness and efficiency According to the Budgetary Code of Georgia
transparency is one of the one of the principles of the Budgetary System of
the country Currently the Parliament the Government and the Ministry of
Finance of Georgia ensure publication of and access to draft law on annual
state budget approved state budget and its execution reports The public is
informed about budget process through various presentations as well as
publication of the relevant documents online However there is no formal
mechanism for managing these processes With coordination of the Ministry of
Finance of Georgia and based on the recommendation of international and
civil society organizations list of specific actions and the scheme for
disseminating information of budgetary processes was elaborated and ensuring
civil society involvement in the budgetary process
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Georgia
|
Commitment
10 Coordinate and Support Open Government Georgia s Forum
|
The Open Government Georgia s Forum is a national
coordination consultative mechanism of the OGP at the national level
established under the Anti Corruption Council of Georgia to support
elaboration of the OGP Action Plan and monitor its implementation The Forum
comprises responsible agencies NGOs international organizations and private
sector The Forum held its first meeting on January 15 2014 since then Forum
sessions have been held regularly on a monthly basis and were mainly focused
on elaboration of Georgia s second Action Plan After submitting the second
Action Plan of Georgia to the OGP Support Unit the Forum will continue to
assist the Action Plan implementation monitor its progress raise awareness
on Open Government Georgia s process and coordinate OGP processes at the
national level The Secretariat of the Anti Corruption Council of Georgia
commits itself to 1 Coordinate the forum activities and assist in
administrative matters 2 Determine agenda for the sessions 3 Prepare minutes
of the Forum meetings 4 Present activity reports of the Forum to the Anti
Corruption Council of Georgia biannually
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Georgia
|
Commitment
9 Elaborate Freedom of Information Act
|
Freedom of Information legislation is one of
the key tools for transparent and accountable governments In this regard it
is essential for the legislation to provide high standards of openness and
accountability while its implementation in practice should not lead to
unreasonable spending of public resources and accordingly tax payers money
Therefore refinement of the laws on freedom of information and ensuring its
compliance with international standards is one of the objectives of the
Georgian government Currently the norms regulating access to public
information are scattered in several laws as well as significant
difficulties are encountered in practical implementation of legislation
Taking into consideration practical challenges elaboration of special law
aims to eradicate legislative gaps and consolidate existing legal provisions
in a separate act which in turn will improve the practice of access to
information and support the government as well as civil society and wide
community to establish open and accountable rational and optimized civil
service The special act will emphasize openness policy of the government and
will ease the work of the professionals involved in the area Ministry of
Justice of Georgia will coordinate elaboration of freedom of information law
in close cooperation with civil society In order to ensure broad
consultation process and wide involvement of stakeholders a special working
group will be created Based on consultations and international expertise the
special working group will elaborate the new provisions of freedom of
information in compliance with international standards The first draft will
be completed in spring 2015
|
|
El
Salvador
|
2 9 Implementar sistemas de recepci
n de quejas y o denuncias sobre posibles casos de corrupci
n por las oficinas de informaci n y su an lisis por los encargados de la auditor a interna
|
2 9 Implementar
sistemas de recepci n de quejas y o denuncias
sobre posibles casos de corrupci n por las
oficinas de informaci n y su an
lisis por los encargados de la auditor a interna
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|
Albania
|
4
1 Law on whistleblowers protection
|
Currently the trust of the public towards the
public administration is low while the risk that an informant will have when
denouncing cases of corruption is very high In Albania there is no clear
framework which ensures cooperation with informants and protects
whistleblowers This law together with the awareness campaign that will
follow will ensure that informants that will entrust the enforcement
agencies with information regarding corruption in sectors where they work or
are involved will be protected This law will not only enhance transparency
and reporting of cases of corruption but also the credibility of the
administration A draft law currently exists and is under consultation The
law is in line with the National Strategy on the Fight Against Corruption
2014 2017 which provides for both preventative and awareness raising
objectives Furthermore the adoption of the law is also part of the Roadmap
Priority Nr 3 commitment for the fight against corruption in the context of
Albania s integration in the EU There will be abroad consultation with
government agencies and donors while there are also planned consultation
meetings for the civil society and business sector Following these
consultations the draft will be edited to reflect comments and after further
internal and external consultations the law is expected to be finalized in
fall and adopted before the end of the year
|
|
Dominican
Republic
|
Continuar Desarrollo del Mecanismo de la
Iniciativa Participativa Anticorrupci n IPAC
|
Dar continuidad a
la Iniciativa Participativa Anti Corrupci n como
un mecanismo permanente de interacci n entre el
Gobierno sociedad civil sector empresarial asociaciones sin fines de lucro
academias gremios profesionales y ciudadan a en
general para la coordinaci n y desarrollo de
iniciativas que mejoren los niveles de transparencia prevengan la corrupci n en la administraci
n p blica fomenten la rendici
n de cuentas y permitan al Estado dar respuesta a las denuncias que se
generen en el marco de este mecanismo Status quo o problema que se quiere
resolver No existe una instancia permanente donde los puedan expresar sus
inquietudes y participar en la creaci n de pol ticas p blicas de acuerdo
a sus necesidades reales Objetivo Principal Crear un espacio en el que los
ciudadanos a trav s de las organizaciones que los
representan puedan llevar inquietudes quejas y propuestas sobre aspectos
negativos del gobierno que quisieran sean mejoradas
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|
Croatia
|
13
1 Develop a new anti corruption strategy
|
decision of the Government Ministry of Justice on the establishment
of a working group coordination body for managing the process of drawing up
the Draft strategy detecting corruption risks in all sectoral
areas encompassed by the Draft of the strategy formation of sectoral teams for drawing up the draft strategy public
consultation conducted on the draft strategy number of staff of public
authorities included in the process of drawing up the draft strategy number
of civil society organisations included in the
process of drawing up the draft strategy draft strategy drawn up to 30
September 2014 strategy adopted by the Government to 30 December 2014
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|
Brazil
|
2
5 Encouragement of social participation
|
to foster social control by means of a broad communication
strategy aimed at disseminating knowledge on the topics of social control
and prevention and fighting of corruption with a view to highlight the
importance of civil participation as an instrument for enhancing public
ethics and integrity
|
|
Brazil
|
10
Organization of the 1st National Conference on Transparency and Social
Control 1st Consocial
|
Realiza o da 1 Confer ncia Nacional sobre Transpar ncia e Controle
Social 1 Consocial ser o debatidos durante todo o
processo conferencial quatro eixos tem ticos a promo
o da transpar ncia e
acesso informa o e dados p blicos mecanismos de
controle social engajamento e capacita o da sociedade para o controle da gest o p blica atua o dos
conselhos de pol ticas p blicas
como inst ncias de
controle e diretrizes para a preven o e o combate corrup o Al m das etapas estaduais e municipais a
sociedade poder debater os eixos tem ticos em confer
ncias livres e virtuais Quanto ao car ter propositivo da confer ncia pretende se que as diretrizes subsidiem a elabora o
de um Plano Nacional sobre Transpar ncia e Controle Social para os rg
os da Administra o P blica e orientadoras da
atividade no seio da sociedade
|
|
Armenia
|
7
Ensuring open transparent participatory and accountable process of state
policies and legislative reforms
|
Making amendments in the agenda of the boards
councils of Ministries of the RA established by the protocol decision N 47
of November 20 2008 of the RA government decision that will Separate and
clarify the functions of boards and councils will further specify the list
of participants their rights and responsibilities Define open and
transparent formation procedures and activities of councils as well as the
standards of CSO representation and professional qualification Determine the
introduction of electronic accountability system on the official websites of
the RA Government and Ministries for making transparent and available the
public proposals and official comments thereon the annual reports of
participatory and consultative bodies
|