Administrative-Legal
Regulation Of Access To Information On The Activities Of The Authorities
by Nataliya KOVALEVA, Professor of the Department of Administrative and
Municipal Law Saratov State Law
Academy, Russia.
Ensuring the right of citizens to access information about the
activities of government bodies and the provision of high-quality state and
municipal services to the population is impossible without effective
information and communication development, as a result of which high-quality
and affordable state and municipal services are provided to everyone. Achieving
the information openness of authorities is the imperative of development of the
informatization and intercommunication in the Russia.[1]
One of the most promising areas for ensuring the information openness of
government activities is the development and use of global information
networks, primarily the Internet. In terms of Internet accessibility, Russia is
inferior today not only to developed, but also to many developing countries.
This is explained by the preservation of significant informational imparity
between different regions, sectors of the economy, educational institutions and
citizens. However, the problem is not only that. The idea that the introduction
of information and communication technologies in itself improves the quality of
public administration and interaction with the population is not quite right,
since the main thing in this process is not a technique to access information,
but the availability of publicly available information resources.
For this reason, the achievement of information openness of authorities
requires, first of all, the intensification of the processes of formation of
information resources necessary for society, as well as changes in the norms of
legal regulation of information exchange with a clear definition of what
information is publicly available and which has restrictions on access.
The available information on the activities of state and municipal
bodies, due to the fact that it ensures the personal interests of citizens,
allowing them to exercise other rights and freedoms, as well as public participation
in public and state affairs, serves as a guarantor of the democratic
foundations of society. In addition, this ensures public control over the
activities of state and municipal bodies, the transparency of decisions made in
the field of economics, ecology and other socially significant areas.
The objective need of a person for information determines the origin and
existence of his right to information. After all, information is an essential
element of people’s communication, and its quality ensures the achievement of
fair conditions for the development of society.
The right to information is one of the subjective rights enshrined in
the Declaration of the Rights and Freedoms of Man and Citizen (of), adopted in
the Russia on November 22, 1991 and in the Constitution of the Russian
Federation (part 4 of article 29).
Freedom to search for information means the ability to appeal to someone
(organization, official, etc.) with a request to provide certain information,
with the will of the persons, aimed at obtaining it in a legal way. Freedom to
receive information means the likelihood of becoming its owner legally. Freedom
to transmit and disseminate information indicates the possibility of bringing
information to the attention of an unlimited number of persons.
The free search and dissemination of information on the activities of
state and municipal bodies in any legal way is also contained in federal
legislation.
For example, the media are obliged to provide citizens with timely,
reliable information about the activities of government bodies (Authorities are
the totality of state and municipal bodies) and their officials. At the same
time, the editors of a properly registered media are guaranteed the opportunity
to request such information. The guarantor of this right is the duty of the
heads of state and municipal bodies, their deputies, press officers or other
authorized persons to provide this information, with the exception of
restricted access information.
In addition, since January 1, 2010, the norm referring to special
federal legislation regulating the problems of access to information on the
activities of state and municipal authorities and courts has entered into
force, if the provision of information on its activities by state and municipal
authorities is not regulated by requests of editors regulations on the media.
Reference systems also play an important role in ensuring access to information
on the activities of state and municipal bodies[2].
The current legislation of the Russian Federation also provides for the
possibility of citizens applying personally or collectively to state and
municipal bodies with statements, complaints and appeals. However, the Federal
Law of July 27, 2006 No. 149-ФЗ “On
information, information technologies and protection of information” contains a
legal definition of the right of access to information[3], and there is a contradiction in the definition of
this concept in Art. 8 and in paragraph 6 of Art. 2.
At the same time V.N. Lopatin stresses that the right of access to
information may be part of the right to information, in particular, he draws
attention to the apparent contradictions between art. 2 and 8 of the
aforementioned Law. If in art. 2 access to information is determined through
the concepts of obtaining and using information, then in Art. 8 - search and
receive. At the same time, art. 6 and 7, denoting the concept of using
information, include only receipt[4]. According to N.N. Fedoseyeva, at the present stage
it is more correct to consider the right of access to information of an
independent legal category[5].
V.N. Monhov justifies the position according to which information rights
can be divided into two types: the right to receive and use information and the
right to protect it[6].
According to the results of the nationwide survey of the population,
conducted by the Institute for the Development of Freedom of Information, our
citizens evaluate the level of the availability of information about government
bodies as extremely low. Thus, only 11.1% of respondents believe that this
right is fully provided; 61.7% speak about partial satisfaction of this right;
14% of respondents indicate the absence of its implementation. It should be
borne in mind that it is awareness that determines how people are able to
assess the degree of realization of their rights. Only 55% of respondents
believe that the law enshrines the right to information (1,500 people were
interviewed during the survey. Of these, 44.8% are men; 55.2% are women; 17.3%
are between the ages of 18 and 24; 29.3% are between the ages of 25 and 39
years old, 21.8% are at the age of 40 to 54 years old, 55 years and older -
31.7%. Such a situation practically excludes the possibility of citizens to
fully exercise their rights. Obviously, information about the activities of
government bodies is regularly used by citizens in their daily lives. However,
there are citizens whose professional activities are in one way or another
connected with the use of information about the activities of government
bodies. According to a study spented by the Institute for the Development of
Information Freedom, they constitute 34% of the total number of respondents[7].
This means that about a third of the adult population of the Russian
Federation, with varying degrees of regularity, specifically refer to
information about the activities of government bodies and can be categorized as
“professional users of the right of access to information”. The higher the
level of education, the more likely the individual will be in this group. It
should be emphasized that officials of state and municipal bodies are active
users of information about the activities of government bodies, that is, they
not only produce, store, distribute information about the activities of
government bodies, but also consume it.
The results of the conducted studies showed that the implementation and
protection of the right access to information about the activities of state and
municipal authorities in our country is accompanied by considerable problems.
Independent regulations on the right to about one hundred states Thus, as early
as in 1776, a law regulating freedom of publications was adopted in Sweden,
later (in 1949) it was transformed into a law on freedom of the press; today,
this law is included in the Swedish Constitution and ensures the right of
citizens to receive free information about authorities. The United States in
1966 also ensure the ability of citizens to receive free information collected
by government agencies in the Law on Freedom of Information, with the exception
of classified information. In 2001, Japan adopted the Law on Access to
Information, which is under the jurisdiction of administrative structures.
Although the law establishes an unlimited number of persons who have access to
this information, a number of authorities are also designated thereto, to which
it does not apply, including the legislative and judicial authorities and other
authorities. The United Kingdom in 2000, by the Law on Freedom of Information,
enshrined the rights of citizens to receive documents other than those related
to the government’s policy.
In Russia, the already mentioned Federal Law of February 9, 2009 No. 8-ФЗ “On ensuring access to information on the activities
of state bodies and local self-government” The activity on the formation and
use of an information resource is almost always the result of creating new
information or compiling old ones with specific goals and objectives, that is,
it is a kind of materialization of information in terms of form and substance:
in form, because information is being converted into the most convenient to
use. form, in essence, since new solutions are formed on the basis of an
information resource, which are executed in the form of documents, or the old
ones are transformed (change) into a new quality.
In accordance with Specific rules for the provision of certain
categories of information on the activities of state and municipal authorities
may be established by legislation.
Thus, resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation, besides
containing information of limited access, are published officially within 15
days from the date of adoption, and if necessary, immediately. published no
later than 7 days from the date of their signing by the President of the
Russian Federation, documents passed by the chambers of the Federal Assembly –
within 10 days after their adoption, and the publication of international
treaties is carried out simultaneously with the publication of federal laws on
their ratification.
A separate rule exists regarding the publication of a list of public and
other associations subject to liquidation or prohibition court The above list
is posted on the websites of the executive bodies, which are registered by
public and religious associations, other organizations, as well as in official
publications. In addition, information on the activities of state or municipal
bodies can be provided free of charge (as a general rule) and on a paid basis
to unlimited circle of persons, upon request, etc.
The list of examples of special rules on the provision of information on
the activities of government bodies is diverse and covers various aspects of
the activities of state gift and municipal bodies.
In accordance with Art. 71 of the Constitution of the Russian
Federation, information and communications are under the exclusive jurisdiction
of the Russian Federation, that is, rules for the circulation of information in
civil society are established at the level of federal legislation. However, the
subjects of the Russian Federation are given the opportunity to establish the
specifics of providing certain types of information on the subjects of their
competence. It should be emphasized that personal data held by state and
municipal authorities are not subject to the regulation of legislation on
access to information on the activities of government bodies.
A number of restrictions related with the publication of information
containing personal data[8], is contained in the Federal Law of July 27, 2006 No.
152-ФЗ “On Personal Data”
In accordance obstacle to art. 23, 24, and others of the Constitution of
the Russian Federation, a complex of special federal laws has been formed,
although it is incomplete[9] prohibiting disclosure of information constituting a
personal secret. At the same time, prohibiting rules on the collection,
storage, use and dissemination of information about private life without
consent are not absolute and are limited by part 3 of art. 55 of the
Constitution of the Russian Federation[10]. Thus, information constituting medical
confidentiality may be provided to the investigating authorities, prosecutors
and judges when conducting an investigation or a trial upon their request
without the consent of a citizen. Other persons cannot receive such information
without the consent of the citizen. For example, the current legislation of the
Russian Federation advocates and deputies are not named among the entities that
can be given information constituting medical confidentiality.
The Federal Law of May 2, 2006 No. 59-ФЗ “On the Procedure for Considering Appeals of Citizens of the Russian
Federation” establishes a procedure for the implementation of citizens’ rights
appeals to state and municipal bodies, which, in turn, serve as another
guarantee of the realization of the right of access to information about the
activities of government bodies. In addition, the provision of state and
municipal local authorities in other state and municipal bodies information
about their activities is governed by federal laws establishing the competence
of these bodies, as well as detailed in agreements on information cooperation.
Hence, relations with access to information about the activities of
state and municipal bodies are not regulated one law, and a complex of legal
acts. In the subjects of the Russian Federation, these relations have
additional regulation, carried out by the relevant regulatory acts of the
subjects of the Russian Federation.
For example, according to Art. 3 of the Law of the Pskov Region of February
12, 2003 No. 242-OZ “On the Procedure for Publication and Entry into Force of
the Charter and Laws of the Region, Other Regulatory Acts of the Region” by
official publication of the Charter, amendments to the Charter and laws of the
Pskov region, other regulatory acts of the Pskov The oblast is considered to
publish their texts in the Pskovskaya Pravda newspaper or in the Collection of
Pskov Oblast Law. The date of the official publication of the Charter,
amendments to the Charter and laws of the Pskov region, other regulatory legal
acts of the Pskov region is the date of the first publication of their texts in
one of these publications.
According to Art. 2 of the Law of the Saratov region of June 26, 2006
No. 64-ZSO “On the procedure for promulgation and entry into force of legal
acts of the bodies of state power of the Saratov region”, the laws of the
region adopted by the regional Duma must be promulgated by the Governor of the
region within seven days, its turn is obliged to promulgate the Charter (Basic
Law) of the Saratov region, the laws of the region or reject it within fourteen
calendar days from the moment of receipt of the said Law. In accordance with
Art. 6 of this Law, the official publication of the laws of the region, decrees
of the regional Duma, which have a normative character, decrees of the Governor
of the region and the Government of the region, other documents of the
regulatory nature of the regional executive bodies is considered the first
publication of their full text in the newspapers “The Week of the Region”
“Saatovskoy regional newspaper ‘or in the’ collection of legislation of the
Saratov region.” The laws of the region, decrees of the Governor of the region
and the Government of the region are sent for official publication (promulgation)
of the Governor of the region. Resolutions of the regional Duma, having a
normative character, are sent for official publication by the Chairman of the
regional Duma or his deputy. Regulatory legal acts of the executive authorities
of the region are sent for official publication by the heads of the relevant
executive authorities of the region, and according to Art. 7 of this Law, laws
of the region, decrees of the regional Duma, having a normative character,
decrees of the Governor of the region and the Government of the region, other
documents of the regulatory nature of the regional executive bodies may be
published in other (besides the above) print publications or communicated to
the public through technical means ( television, radio, communication
channels), distributed in a machine-readable form. The laws of the region,
decrees of the regional Duma, which have a normative character, decrees of the
Governor of the region and the Government of the region, normative legal acts
of other executive bodies of the region can also be published as a separate
publication.
Consider the administrative and legal regulation of access to
information on the activities of municipal bodies, which includes in itself and
municipal legal acts.
For example, in the Shushensky district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory,
the Regulation on the provision of information on the awn bodies and officials
of local government: approved by the decision of February 27, 2009 № 550-15 / n
Shushenskogo District Council of Deputies of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, which
regulates the procedure for interaction between the municipal authorities and
natural and legal persons in the provision and receipt of information on the
activities of the municipal authorities. Article 2 of the Regulations
stipulates that information on the activities of municipal bodies should be
open and accessible; timely and reliable; free. Its search, receipt and
transfer should be carried out on a legal basis. At the same time, the rights
and legitimate interests of third parties must be respected in the process of
ensuring access to information about the activities of municipal bodies, as
well as state and commercial secrets.
We offer to consider the Provision on the official website of the
Sovetskaya Gavan Administration, approved by a resolution of the head, as
another positive example. of the urban settlement “City of Sovetskaya Gavan” of
the Sovetsko-Gavansky municipal district of June 4, 2009 No. 109. According to
this Regulation, the official website Ad inistratsii Sovetskaya Gavan created
for the development of a common information space, information support of the
urban local authorities, as well as the implementation of the principles of
openness and transparency of their activities. The site is an information
resource located in the municipal property of Sovetskaya Gavan.
The principle enshrining the openness of information about the
activities of state and municipal bodies is also implemented in a number of
federal laws regulating questions of state and municipal service. In turn, open
and free access to information about the activities of the Government of the
Russian Federation as the highest executive authority in our state is
considered in more detail in the orders and resolutions of the Government of the
Russian Federation.
In addition, the Regulations of the Government of the Russian
Federation, approved by the decree of the Government of the Russian Federation
of June 1, 2004 No. 260 , the Office of the Government of the Russian
Federation is entrusted with the implementation of measures to provide
information about the activities of not only the Government of the Russian
Federation, but also other federal executive bodies; timely and regular posting
of information in information networks such as the Internet; systematically
informing citizens and organizations in other ways.
So, organizing free access to information about the activities of
government bodies is an administrative function of the state, however, the
Concept of administrative reform states that the executive power system is very
closed to citizens and business.
On transparency of activities of authorities of Russia of the 48 States
is a 40-th place. International experts show that the effectiveness of public
administration and the quality of state and municipal services (and this
includes work with personal data and contacts with citizens) is much lower than
in developed countries. Monitoring over the state of corruption is also worthy
of low marks, and this indicator is associated with abuses in dealing with
citizens and legal entities.
Qualitative information is characterized by timeliness, reliability,
completeness and availability. The principle of reliability and timeliness is
aimed at providing individuals and organizations with quality information.
So, as a result of the lack of necessary and timely information about
the accident at
the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in 1986, enormous damage was inflicted on
millions of people. In this regard, in Art. 42 of the Constitution of the Russian
Federation establishes the right to reliable information on the state of the
environment.
The right to
quality information is one of the most important elements of the system of
personal rights and freedoms. Providing the public with high-quality information
contributes to the understanding of social, economic, political and other
problems, and direct participation in solving them.
The state program
of the Russian Federation “Information Society (2011-2020)” to ensure proper
openness of information about the activities of state and municipal bodies and
the availability of state information resource for society suggests to
implement the following activities: to formulate requirements and guidelines in
the purpose of organizing the provision of public information on the websites
of state and municipal authorities; to bring information resources on the
websites of state and municipal authorities in accordance with the requirements
of the law; regularly monitor the named compliance; provide methodological
support to federal authorities.
However, one of the
most serious shortcomings in the administrative and legal regulation of access
to information about the activities of government bodies is a large number of
people who do not have access to the Internet or are unable to use it. A.A.
Zadkov, for example, believes that the provision of information on the
activities of the authorities mainly through Internet sites is not a very
democratic way of organizing access[11].
I.V. Ilgova also points to the particular urgency of the problem of information
inequality[12].
In this regard, talking about a new form of social inequality, which is
generated by the lack of access to information technologies for the population,
and this, in turn, implies active actions by the authorities aimed at its
elimination.
“Digital
inequality” is the result of development information and communication
technologies division of regions, organizations and citizens into categories
depending on the availability of modern means of processing and transmitting
information to them, including provision of telephone communications and up to
stupa to the Internet.
Although the
manifestation of the “digital” stratification of the Russian population can be
attempted to be explained by the poverty of its essential mass, world
experience indicates a more complex nature of the problem. Attempts to solve it
by intensive computerization are unpromising, since it’s not the wealth or
poverty of individuals, regions or entire states, but the lack of the need to
use digital technologies resulting from the lifestyle and nature of activities
of individual groups and social groups, the technological level of economic
development social sphere, etc.
Overcoming digital
inequality in the areas of power interaction with the population, education,
health and culture requires the build and implementation of public policy. It
is necessary to take measures to increase the availability of information and
communication technologies for the majority of the population based on regular
monitoring of the digital stratification. Moreover, it is important to take a
comprehensive approach to solving these problems, for example, to create
information and communication education systems in large cities where higher
education institutions are located is much easier and cheaper than bringing
computerization to rural schools. However, having solved the last problem, we
solve the problem as a whole. It must be emphasized that the habit and the need
to use information technologies must be developed in order for technical means
to be used most efficiently.
In general, much
has been done at the federal and regional levels to develop basic technological
solutions: the Internet portals of the authorities, on the basis of which the
Internet is implemented -the interaction of the state and the population. When
carrying out this work, it is important not to force the population to communicate
with the authorities only through a computer, but, for example, to equip the
existing telephone communication systems and transfer them to a new
technological basis that ensures the movement of sound files in networks like
e-mail, etc., that is create an electronic communication environment,
comfortable for citizens. Moreover, the concern for the development and
mastering of technological innovations must be shifted from the bulk of the
population to the shoulders of the state and the information technology
community. To overcome this drawback, it is necessary to ensure that the
Russian population can use the Internet both from a financial point of view and
from the point of view of ensuring digital literacy.
The federal target
program “Information Society (2011-2020)”, for example, is designed to increase
the effectiveness of state municipal governance, the quality and efficiency of
the provision of state and municipal services, reduce the cost of organizing
state and municipal government.
As a result In the past, the use of information technologies has effects
that increase the quality of life of the population, labor productivity and
competitiveness of goods and services produced. In particular: to receive a
state service, you can fill in the relevant request form on the Internet site
once, and after a set time, the necessary documents will be drawn up and mailed
or amended about the person to the relevant database; management or formation
of a group of like-minded people in order to implement their initiative, you
can simply go to the corresponding website; textbooks and related training
materials Aly for schoolchildren can be copied from the regional educational
portal to your e-book; tax reports can be sent via the Internet without
visiting the tax inspectorate; certain types of professional activity can be
carried out from home, logging into the corporate network, concluding an
agreement with partners from other regions it will be possible to carry out
without a trip, and to certify the documents - with an electronic signature;
the train ticket can be selected and paid through the corresponding Internet
site, info The controller will have a seat, the passenger only needs to present
a passport proving his identity when boarding.
As for the ability of the municipal authorities to post information
about themselves on the Internet, it should be noted that not all municipal
authorities have the appropriate technical and financial resources. For
example, this applies to small municipalities. However, in this case, municipal
authorities have the right to place their information on the official website
of the relevant subject of the Russian Federation or municipal area.
There is a whole range of legal, organizational and technical issues
that make it difficult for rural citizens to organize the provision of state
and municipal services in an interactive way. In order to ensure the
interactive participation of the rural population in public administration,
telecommunications must be located in every rural locality. At the same time,
the spread of telecommunications includes not only the telephones in a
countryside in full, but also the Internet based on affordable prices. That is,
only if these conditions are realized, it is possible for rural residents, pensioners
and other categories of citizens who are particularly unfavorable in the
direction of digital inequality, to be provided with high-quality state and
municipal services in electronic format. Thus, the legal basis of telephones
and ruralization of telephones in rural areas are targeted programs. The
federal target program “Social development of a countryside until 2012”
envisages the implementation of the following activities that would help
eliminate digital inequality: create rural information and consulting centers,
provide information that will contribute to the development of new business
methods and technologies, organize legal, industrial and technical consulting;
hold seminars and courses on improving computer literacy. During the
implementation of these activities, according to Appendix No. 6 to bath program
rural population gets the opportunity of informing, raising the educational
level; there is an expansion of the labor market; employment is provided in
rural areas. The development of information and consulting services in rural
areas provides for the creation of 5,000 jobs.
In addition, departmental target programs help to overcome the
information vacuum in a countryside and ensure that rural residents are widely
informed about their rights and the ongoing social and economic reforms in the
country and in rural areas, which is supposed to be done through: the
development in rural areas of information technologies and networks such as the
Internet, as well as information and consulting systems ltatsionnyh services;
development of affordable and high-quality library services in the context of
creating information centers based on them; involving the rural population in
the design and implementation of local development programs, in interactive
planning, continuous and distance education; improving the performance of rural
media.
Each subject of the Russian Federation has its own programs for the
development of a countryside. Often, the number of telephone sets per 100
people (level of telephone density) is used as an indicator of the availability
of information services to the population. Denmark, Norway, Switzerland, the
United States, and Germany provide their residents from 60 to 70. In the CIS,
the level of telephone density fluctuates around 21.4. Saratov region looks
better against this background - the average telephone density is 37.42; At the
same time, in such rural areas as Marksovsky (27.7), Ozinsky (17.7), telephone
density is extremely low. At the same time, one hundred percent installation of
telephones in a countryside in the Saratov region was supposed to be achieved
in 2007, but this has not yet been implemented.
Hence, it follows that the state and municipal information services are
largely unavailable to rural residents. Moreover, on the basis of this
indicator, it can be concluded that the Internet in a countryside is also
underdeveloped, which, in turn, hampers the implementation of information
technologies and limits the availability of the electronic state. Thus, the
issue of telephone and wiring in a countryside is very urgent and requires a
speedy solution.
As an example of a successful solution of this problem, one can cite the
experience of a neighboring state with a similar economic, social and technical
situation - Kazakhstan, where funds are allocated to compensate for possible
losses to telecom operators that provide telephones and Internet services in a
countryside.
Telecommunications in a countryside is aimed of improved the quality of
life of the rural population, developing new intellectual needs among rural
residents on the basis of the emergence of new information services, which, in
turn, ensures the adaptation of a villagers to modern living opporunities.
Chuvashia resolves this issue on the basis of providing rural libraries
with computers and connecting to the Internet. The result of this process was
the emergence of so-called model libraries. These technologies allow, based on
automated information processing, to provide any legal information, including
documents of municipal bodies. In the cultural institutions of the new
generation, people are taught to work on the Internet, look up information in
electronic encyclopedias and reference books, use an electronic mailbox, scan
the necessary documents[13].
Another option to speed up the informatization processes in rural areas
can be the creation of information and consultation centers on the basis of
educational institutions, since As a result of the implementation of the
priority national project “Education”, now all schools in the country are
connected to Internet.
However, existing rural development programs approach these issues
one-sidedly, do not take into account various aspects. For example, the
creation of information counseling centers on the basis of rural libraries and
schools involves not only providing training in courses for the advanced
training of librarians and school teachers, but also financial support for
additional work. Only in this case such centers will be able to improve
computer literacy in the countryside.
A full-fledged provision of villagers’ participation in public
administration is possible on the basis of a special federal targeted program,
relevant programs of the subjects of the Federation, which will be aimed at
introducing information technologies into the lives of rural residents. At the
same time, these programs will not only provide technical opportunities for the
provision of state and municipal electronic services, but also implement
organizational measures, educational activities and provide solutions to other
related problems. The technologies of public-private partnership will allow
more efficiently organizing the financing of these programs[14].
Hence it follows that the state must ensure that individuals and legal
entities have free access to information about the activities of government
bodies. It is necessary to take into account the constitutional principle of
free receipt, distribution and use of information and to ensure the legal
equality of all subjects of information interaction.
The Constitution of the Russian Federation and other laws guarantee
freedom of access to information for citizens. Unfortunately, the
underdevelopment of the information infrastructure and often the high cost of
using information networks in remote rural areas, insufficient computer
literacy of the population create serious limitations to the realization of
this right.
Thus, the administrative and legal regulation of access to information
about the activities of government bodies includes legal, technological basis
of public awareness. First of all, it is necessary to ensure quality standards
for providing information by state and municipal bodies, as well as to develop
administrative and legal measures to eliminate digital inequality.
[1] I.L. Bachilo, T.A. Polyakova, A.A. Antopolsky,
M.V. Demyanets, A.K. Zharova, V.N. Monakhov, S.I. Semiletov, E.V. Talapina, “On
the main directions of development of information law for 2000-2015”, State and law, 2017. No. 1. pp. 71-79.
(Russian).
[2] M.V.Korotkova, “Realization of the right of
access to information through reference legal systems”, Information law, 2017, No. 3, pp. 39-43. (Russian).
[3] N.O. Travnikov, “The ratio of the right to
information with related constitutional rights”, Information law, 2014, No. 6, pp. 12-16. (Russian).
[4] V.N. Lopatin, “Scope of the Federal Law ‘On
Information, Information Technologies and Protection of Information’”, Information Law, 2006, No. 4, pp. 44-45
(Russian).
[5] N.N. Fedoseeva, “The right of citizens to
access information in the Russian Federation” Civil Law, 2007, N°3, pp. 6–11. (Russian).
[6] V.N. Monkhov, “Problems of legal
regulation of access of citizens to official information”, State information and the democratization of society: proceedings of
the International Conference (May 15–16, 2000), comp. A.A. Vikulin;
Editorial : V.R. Firsov et al. St. Petersburg, 2001. pp. 225–232. (Russian)
[7] Report on the results of a representative
nationwide survey on the website of the Institute for the Development of
Information Freedom. URL: www.svobodainfo.org. appeal July 20, 2017 (Russian).
[8] E.K. Volchinskaya, “Place of personal data in
the system of information of limited access”, Pravo. Journal of Higher School of Economics, 2014, No. 4, pp.
193-207 (Russian).
[9] G.G. Kamalova, “Biometric personal data:
definition and essence”, Information law,
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